1. Designs and Patterns
Floral and Animal Motifs: Common designs include floral and animal motifs, symbolizing the rich and diverse nature of the area. These often feature flowers, trees, birds, and indigenous animals.
Geometric Patterns: Geometric patterns, consisting of lines and regular shapes, are also prevalent, giving the carpets a distinctive order and harmony.
Local and Cultural Elements: Designs reflecting local traditions, ceremonies, and stories are another characteristic. These might include epic tales, tribal symbols, and scenes from the daily lives of nomads.
2. Colors
Natural Dyes: The use of natural and vegetable dyes for coloring the yarns is a hallmark of southern Iranian carpets. Colors such as red, blue, green, and yellow, derived from plants and natural materials, are common. For example, red from madder, blue from indigo, and yellow from saffron.
Unique Color Combinations: The vibrant and diverse color combinations reflect the natural beauty and lively spirit of the southern regions. These colors typically do not fade over time and have high durability.
3. Weaving and Materials
Wool and Cotton Yarn: Sheep wool and cotton yarn are the primary materials used in weaving these carpets. These materials not only provide high quality but also impart durability and strength to the carpets. The wool is usually sourced from local sheep, whose fleece is known for its excellent quality due to the climatic conditions.
Knots: The type of knots used in the weaving of southern Iranian carpets is usually Turkish or Persian, which can vary by region. These knots contribute to the carpets' durability and resilience.
4. Production Process
Designing: Initially, the carpet design is drawn on paper, and these designs are often traditional, passed down through generations.
Dyeing: The yarns are dyed using natural dyes, typically done manually in large pots.
Weaving: The weavers, often women and girls from nomadic tribes, weave the carpets using horizontal or vertical looms. This process can take months or even years, depending on the size and complexity of the carpet design.
5. Usage and Applications
Home and Decorative Carpets: These carpets are used both as home floor coverings and as decorative artworks. They serve not only as beautiful and durable floor coverings but also as wall hangings that adorn homes.
Ceremonies and Occasions: In certain ceremonies and celebrations, handwoven carpets are displayed as a symbol of authenticity and local artistry. For example, in weddings and traditional festivals, these carpets are used as symbols of blessing and prosperity.
6. Key Regions
Qashqai Tribes: The Qashqai nomads are among the largest producers of handwoven carpets in Fars province. Qashqai designs usually feature geometric patterns and vibrant colors. These carpets are renowned worldwide for their high quality and beautiful designs.
Bushehr and Hormozgan Nomads: These nomads also produce unique carpets using local materials and specific techniques. Each region has its own style and characteristics, evident in the carpets' designs and colors.
Conclusion
The handwoven carpets of southern Iran, with their unique designs, natural colors, and high-quality materials, are representative of the region's authentic art and culture. Each carpet is not just a floor covering but a piece of art narrating the stories and history of the area. These carpets are admired not only in Iran but worldwide, holding a special place in the art of carpet weaving. Preserving and supporting this valuable handicraft can contribute to sustainable development and the economic growth of southern regions, while introducing Iran's rich culture and art to the world.